The
majority of Eastern teachings (who follow Adi Shankara) believe that there is only one
real Self. The concept of jiva-Atma in Sanskrit, or (individualized soul identifying oneself with
body without realizing the true Self) is probably closer to the Christian concept of
soul. There can-be or are more than one soul in Christianity. In the Eastern teaching, there
is only one Atman (soul), which it the same as Brahman (God).
How
is soul defined in Kriya Yoga?
Before
creation existed there was Cosmic Consciousness: Spirit or God, the Absolute,
ever-Existing, ever-Conscious, ever-new Bliss beyond form and manifestation.
When creation came into being, Cosmic Consciousness “descended” into the
physical universe where it manifests as Christ Consciousness: the omnipresent pure
reflection of God’s intelligence and consciousness inherent and hidden within
all creation.
When the Christ Consciousness descends into
the physical body of man it becomes soul, or super consciousness: the
ever-Existing, ever-Conscious, ever-new Bliss of God individualized by
encasement in the body. When the soul becomes identified with the body, it
manifests as ego, or mortal consciousness. Yoga teaches that the soul must climb
back up the ladder of consciousness to Spirit. The soul is not slain when the
body dies; and even when the soul returns to Spirit, it does not lose its
identity, but will exist unto everlastingness.
"A
soul, being invisible by nature, can be distinguished only by the presence of
its body or bodies."
Hence,
Yoga teaches that the abode of the soul of man’s life and divine
consciousness is in the subtle spiritual centers in the brain: the Sahasrara, or thousand-petaled lotus at the top of the cerebrum,the seat of cosmic
consciousness; Kutastha, at the point between the eyebrows, seat of Christ
consciousness; and the medullary center (connected by polarity to the
Kutastha), seat of super consciousness. Descending into the body (and
body-consciousness) from these centers of highest spiritual perception, life
and consciousness flow down the spine, passing through five astral spinal
centers, chakras and branching outward into the physical organs of life, into sensory
perception, and action.
To
regain the blissful realization of its oneness with God, the soul of man must
retrace its downward course, ascending by the sacred spinal route to its home
in the higher cerebral centers of divine awareness.
What is the
nature of the Soul in Sankhya philosophy? Sankhya fundamental idea is
about Spirit and Nature or in Sanskrit Purusha and Prakriti.
Sankhya stops
with the duality of existence, Nature and souls, soul as an
individualized unit of Spirit. There are an infinite number of souls, which
cannot die, and must therefore be separate from Nature. Nature in itself
changes and manifests all these phenomena; the soul is inactive. It just is and
Nature works out all these phenomena for the liberation of the soul; and the
soul realizing that it is not Nature.
Every soul is
omnipresent
and cannot be limited, because all limitation comes either through time, space,
or causation. The soul being entirely beyond these cannot have any limitation.
To have limitation one must be in space, which means the body; and that which
is body must be in Nature. If the soul had form, it would be identified with
Nature; therefore the soul is formless, and that which is formless cannot be
said to exist here, there, or anywhere. It must be
omnipresent.
Just
as Sankhya says, it requires some
sentient Being with power, which makes the mind think and Nature work, because
Nature in all its modifications, from gross matter up to Intelligence (Mahat in
Sanskrit), is simply insentient.
The Vedantist (end of the
Vedas) says, this sentient Being which is behind the whole universe is what we
call God, and consequently this universe is not different from Him. It is He
Himself who has become this universe. He not only is the efficient or
instrumental cause of this universe, but also the material cause. Cause is
never different from effect, the effect is but the cause reproduced in another
form. We see that every day. Example: the ocean is the cause of the wave, but all is water.
So
this Being is the cause of Nature. All the forms and phases of Vedanta, either
dualistic, or qualified-monistic, or monistic, first take the position that God
is not only the efficient or instrumental, but also the material cause of this
universe, that everything which exists is He.
The
second step in Vedanta is that these souls are also a part of God, one spark of
that Infinite Fire. "As from a mass of fire millions of small particles
fly, even so from this Ancient One have come all these souls."
What is meant by
a part of the Infinite? The Infinite is indivisible; there cannot be parts
of the Infinite. The Absolute cannot be divided. What is meant, therefore, by
saying that all these sparks are from Him? The Advaitist, the non-dualistic
Vedantist, solves the problem by maintaining that there is really no part; that
each soul is really not a part of the Infinite, but actually it is the
Infinite.
Then how can
there be so many?
All these souls are but reflections and not real, not the real "I"
which is the God of this universe, the one undivided Being of the universe. And
all these little different beings, men and animals etc. are but reflections,
and not real. They are simply illusory reflections upon Nature.
There is but one
Infinite Being in the universe, and that Being appears as you and me;
but this appearance of divisions is after all a delusion. He has not been
divided, but only appears to be divided. This apparent division is caused by
looking at Him through the network of time, space, and causation. When we look
at God through the network of time, space, and causation, we see Him as the
material world. When we look at Him from a higher plane, we see Him as
the One Infinite Being of the universe, and that Being we are also. Thou art
Tat (that). Not parts of It, but the whole of It. "It is the Eternal
Knower standing behind the whole phenomena; He Himself is the phenomena."
He is both the subject and the object; He is the you and me.
How to know the
Knower?
The
Knower cannot know Himself; I see everything but cannot see myself. The Self,
the Knower, the Lord of all, the Real Being, is the cause of all the vision
that is in the universe, but it is impossible for Him to see Himself or know
Himself, excepting through reflection.
We
cannot see our own face except in a mirror, and so the Self cannot see Its own
nature until It is reflected, and this whole universe therefore is the Self
trying to realize Itself. The highest reflection of that Being is both subject
and object. We now see why we instinctively worship everything, and how perfect men and women are instinctively
worshipped as God in every country. That is why we worship Incarnations, such
as Christ, Krishna or Buddha. They are the most perfect manifestations of the eternal
Self. They are much higher than all the concepts we have. In the perfect man
the circle becomes complete; the subject and the object become one. In him all
delusions go away and in their place come the realization that he has always
been that perfect Being.
What caused man
to be in bondage?
How was it possible for this perfect Being to degenerate into the imperfect?
How was it possible that the free became bound? The Advaitist says, he was
never bound, but was always free. So in our innermost being we are eternally
perfect. Nothing ever changes our nature, or ever will. All these ideas that we
are imperfect, a man, a woman, a sinner, the mind we think ourselves to be,
are all hallucinations; we never think, we never had a body; we never were
imperfect. We are the blessed Lord of this universe, the one Almighty ruler of
everything that is and ever will be, the one mighty ruler of these suns and
stars and moons and earths and planets and all the little bits of our universe.
We are the all and in all. When this knowledge comes all delusion immediately
vanishes.
Delusion
binds us when we take for real that which is unreal. Only that which never
changes is Ultimately Real. However,
as long as we see the world around us with our ego, we think our sense
perceptions and the world around us to be real. Upon realizing the Truth all
illusions will vanish, melt away. This is realization. Philosophy is no joke or
talk, it has to be realized. This body will vanish, this earth and everything
will vanish, this idea that I am the body or the mind will in time vanish, or if
the Karma is ended it will disappear,
never to come back. When we reach the state where we perceive that which we now
see as real, as being unreal that which our sense perception currently cannot
grasp as Real, we are free, a Jivanmukta or liberated soul, free even while
living in this body. The aim and end in this life for the Jnana Yogi is to
become this Jivanmukta or liberated soul, who can live in this world without
being attached. He is the highest of human beings, the highest of all beings,
for he has realized his identity with the Absolute, he has realized that he is
one with God.
As
long as we think we are even the least difference from God, we will experience
fear, but when we realize that we are one with the One, all fear vanishes.
Being That, we are always That. What then will become of the world? What good
shall we do to the world? It has no existence in the past, present, or future.
If we have known the Self as It is, if we know that there is nothing else but
this Self, that everything else is but a dream, with no existence in reality,
then this world with its poverties, its miseries, its wickedness, and its
goodness will cease to disturb us.
If
they do not exist, from whom and for what can we be disturbed? We must dare to
be free, dare to go as far as our thoughts lead us, and dare live accordingly.
This body is not who we are; it must go. Not being the body we may declare,
"I am not the body, therefore my headache must be cured"; but where
is the headache, it is in the body. Let
a thousand headaches and a thousand bodies come and go. What is that to me? I
have neither birth nor death; I am Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute.
I
am He, I am He. Who shall blame whom, who praise whom? Whom to seek, whom to
avoid? I seek none, nor avoid any, for I am all, the universe. I praise myself,
I blame myself, I suffer for myself, I am happy at my own will, I am free. This
is the Jnani, the brave and daring. Let the whole universe tumble down; he
smiles and says it never existed, it was all a hallucination, a dream. Where was it!
Where has it gone? This state is experienced in Samadhi, in Oneness.
Before going
into the practical part, let us ponder one more intellectual question. If
we reason, that there is no purpose for us in this world until we comes to the
realization, that there is just One
Existence, and that everything else is nothing. But how is it, that what is infinite, ever
perfect, ever blessed, Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute, has come under these
delusions? It is a question that has been asked all the world over. Others may
say, "How did sin come into this world?" This is a huge question, and
the other is the most philosophic one, but the answer is the same.
The
question has been asked in various ways, but in its lower forms it finds no
solution, because the stories of apples and serpents and women do not give the
explanation. In that state, the question is childish, and so is the answer. But
the question has assumed very high proportions: "How did this illusion
come?" The answer is, we cannot expect any answer to an impossible question.
Why? We have first to define, what is perfection? Perfection is that which is
beyond time, space, and causation, that is perfect. Then we ask how the perfect
became imperfect. Another way of stating it, how did that which is beyond
causation become caused?"
This
question can only be asked within the limits of causation. As far as time and
space and causation extend, so far can this question be asked. But beyond that
we cannot go, because the question is illogical. Within time, space, and
causation it can never be answered, and what answer may lie beyond these limits
can only be known when we have transcended them; therefore the wise will let
this question rest. When a man is ill, he devotes himself to curing his disease
without insisting that he must first learn how he came to have it.
There
is another form of this question, a little lower, but more practical and
illustrative: What produced this delusion? Can any reality produce delusion? It
certainly cannot. We see that one delusion produces another, and so on. It is
delusion always that produces delusion. It is disease that produces disease,
and not health that produces disease. The wave is of the same substance as the water;
the effect is the cause in another form. The effect is delusion, and therefore
the cause must be delusion.
We
may ask what becomes of all these various forms of worship. They will remain;
they are simply groping in the dark for light, and through this groping light
will come. We have just seen that the Self cannot see itself. Our knowledge is within
Maya (unreality), and beyond that is freedom. Within the Maya is slavery, it is
all under law; beyond that there is no law. So far as the universe is
concerned, existence is ruled by law, and beyond that is freedom. As long as we
are in time, space, and causation, to say we are free is nonsense, because in
that network all is under rigorous law, sequence, and consequence. Every
thought that we think is caused, every feeling has been caused; to say that the
will is free is sheer nonsense. It is
only when the infinite existence comes, as it were; into Maya that it takes the
form of will. Will is a portion of that being, caught in the network of
Maya, and therefore "free will" is a misnomer. It means nothing,
sheer nonsense. So is all this talk about freedom. There is no freedom in Maya
or in the phenomenal world.
There is no
freedom in this world until we go beyond Maya. That is the real freedom
of the soul. Men, however sharp and intellectual, however clearly they see the
force of the logic that nothing here can be free, are all compelled to think
they are free; they cannot help it. No work can go on until we begin to say, we
are free. It means that the freedom we talk about is the glimpse of the blue
sky through the clouds and that the real freedom, the blue sky itself, is
behind. True freedom cannot exist in the midst of this delusion, this
hallucination, this nonsense of the world, this universe of the senses, body,
and mind. All these dreams, without beginning or end, uncontrolled and
uncontrollable, ill-adjusted, broken, inharmonious, form our idea of this
universe. Within Maya, so far as this law of time, space and causation exists,
there is no freedom; and all these various forms of worship are within this
Maya. The idea of God and the ideas of brute and of man are within this Maya,
and as such are equally hallucinations; all of them are dreams.
But
we must take care not to argue like some men who say that the idea of God is a
delusion, but the idea of this world is true. Both ideas stand or fall by the
same logic. He alone has the right to be an atheist who denies this world, as
well as the other. The same argument is for both. The same mass of delusion
extends from God to the lowest animal, from a blade of grass to the Creator.
They stand or fall by the same logic. The same person who sees falsity in the
idea of God ought also to see it in the idea of his own body or his own mind.
When
God vanishes, then also vanish the body and mind; and when both vanish, that
which is the Real Existence remains forever. "There the eyes cannot go,
nor the speech, nor the mind. We cannot see it, neither know it." And we
now understand that so far as speech and thought and knowledge and intellect
go, it is all within this Maya within bondage. Beyond that is Reality, where no thought, no mind, or speech can reach.
So far the
topics are all intellectual, but now we come to the practice. The real work
is in the practice. Are any practices necessary to realize this Oneness? They
certainly are. It is not that we become this Infinite; we are already that. It
is not that we are going to become God or perfect; we are already perfect; and
whenever we think we are not, we are in delusion. This delusion which says that
we are a certain man or women can be replaced by another delusion, and that is
practice. Fire will eat fire, and we can use one delusion to conquer another
delusion. One cloud will come and brush away another cloud, and then both will
go away. What are these practices then? We must always bear in mind that we are
not going to be free, but are free already. Every idea that we are bound is a
delusion. Every idea that we are happy or unhappy is a tremendous delusion;
another delusion is that we work and worship and struggle to be free.
There
are people for whom it is sufficient knowledge to hear, "Thou art
That" (you are that). With a flash this universe goes away and the real
nature shines, but others have to struggle hard to get rid of this idea of
bondage.
We
may ask who is fit to become Jnana-Yogis? Those who are prepared to follow
these steps: First, renunciation of all fruits of work and of all enjoyments in
this life or another life. If we are the creator of this universe, whatever we
desire we will have, because we will create it for ourselves. It is only a
question of time. Some get it immediately; with others the past Samskaras
(mental impressions) stand in the way of fulfilling their desires.
But
what are we doing? We give first place to desires for enjoyment, either in this
or another life. Deny that there is any life at all; because life is only
another name for death. Deny that we are a living beings. Who cares for life?
Life is one of these hallucinations, and death is its counterpart. Joy is one
part of these hallucinations, and misery the other part, and so on. What have
we to do with life or death ? These are all creations of the mind. This is
called giving up desires of enjoyment either in this life or another.
Then
comes controlling the mind, calming it so that it will not break into waves and
have all sorts of desires, holding the mind steady, not allowing it to get into
waves from external or internal causes, controlling the mind perfectly, just by
the power of will. The Jnana-Yogi adopts philosophic reasoning, knowledge, and his own will, these are the instrumentalities he believes in. Next is forbearance, bearing
all miseries without murmuring, without complaining. What is heat? What is
cold? Let things come and go, what is that to me, I am not the body. It is hard
to believe this in the West, but it is better to know that it is done. People
need to be brave to think and act out their philosophy. "I am
Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute; I am He, I am He."Cling to the highest
form of spirituality. What is religion? To pray, "Give me this and
that"? Foolish ideas of religion! Those who believe them have no true idea
of God and soul. Ultimately, we need to go beyond all names and forms. Let the
whole universe vanish, and stand alone. "I am Existence-Absolute,
Knowledge-Absolute, Bliss-Absolute; I am He, I am He."
No
doubt we recognize from these descriptions that there are different
descriptions of the soul and Ultimate Reality. Thus we need to find a common
link between the teachings.
We
need to view the issue from a non dualistic and a dualistic perspective.
Non-duality or Monism says:” Brahman (God) only exists and what we experience
is only a reflection of Brahman, just as the Moon reflects the Sun. In non
duality there exist not several fundamentally distinct principles, such as the
Prakriti and the Purusha of the Sankhya Philosophy, but there exists only one
all-embracing being. Advaita Vedanta taught by Sri Shankara is rigorous
absolute, true spirituality. The teachings are not based on belief.
The
different yogas postulate union with the Absolute and Self Realization.
What
are the basic beliefs of the East?
Here
are some of the key beliefs:
Truth is eternal. ...
Brahman is Truth and Reality. ...
The Vedas are the ultimate authority. ...
Everyone should strive to achieve dharma.
...
Individual souls are immortal. ...
The
goal of the individual soul is moksha, liberation
Its
primary aim, like the quest of man, is freedom from the ills of life; and it
conceives of God as one who creates the world, and is yet perfectly happy and
free. The God is not a "person" in the sense
in which the term is ordinarily used, as a living being in human or some other
tangible form, like the creatures we see but rather as a personification of
absolute reality or attributes of ideal life, Sat-chit-ananda real existence,
characterized by goodness, intelligence and joy; and to the extent to which a we approaches this ideal, we come nearer unto God.